Masonry

• PPE
• Shop Rules
  • Horseplay
  • Dress code
• Housekeeping
  • Material Handling and Storage
• SDS
• Emergency Shut-off
• Electrical Safety
  • GFCI

• Identify Personal Protective Equipment
• Demonstrate appropriate PPE use
• Explain the importance of SDS in the shop
• Describe the purpose of OSHA 
• Follow shop safety rules
• Maintain a clean work area/shop
• Locate Emergency shut-offs in shop
• Explain the importance of a GFCI
• Obtain 100% on written safety test

• Set up a masonry workstation following industry standards for tool placement, material staging, and mortar preparation. 
• Explain why organized workstations improve safety and productivity. 
• Maintain a clean, hazard-free workspace during and after work. 

• Classes of fires
• Fire Triangle
• Extinguisher Use
• Fire Blankets
• Fire Alarms / Evacuations

• Identify classes of fires
• Locate fire extinguishers and blankets in shop
• Identify types of extinguishers
• Explain the process of extinguishing certain fires
• Obtain 100% on written safety test

• Injury Protocols
• AED/First Aid locations
• Eye Wash Station
• Bloodborne Pathogens

• Describe procedures for dealing with various injuries.
• Explain the dangers bloodborne pathogens
• Appropriate contact person 
• 100% on written safety test 

9.2.1 Measuring

• Identifying measurements with 1/16 accuracy  

9.2.2 Math

• Adding measurements (fractions) 
• Subtracting measurements (fractions) 
• Finding center (division) 

9.3.1 Layout Tools and their use

• Identify common layout tools (e.g., tape measure, framing square, builder's level, string line, modular ruler) 

• Explain the purpose of common layout tools  

9.3.2 Establishing a Square Layout

• Demonstrate methods for squaring a corner (e.g., 3-4-5 method) 
• Lay out a basic foundation or project footprint 

• Accurately measure and transfer dimensions 

• Explain the concepts of level and plumb in layout 
• Evaluate projects for level and plumb 

9.4.1 Hand Tool Identification and Purpose 

• Identify common hand tools 
• Explain hand tool uses 
• Explain the advantage of using hand tools over power tools for certain tasks 

9.4.2 Safe Hand Tool Use 

• Hand Tool selection 
• Inspection, Maintenance and Handling 
  • Inspecting 
  • Sharpening 
  • Care 
• Securing work pieces 

• Explain the importance of the appropriate tool for the job 
• Explain the dangers of using a damaged tool 
• Explain the importance of keeping tools sharp and clean 
• Demonstrate safe use of hand tools 
• 100% on Written Safety Test 

9.5.1 Types Masonry Materials  

• Identify basic materials used in the masonry trade 
• Explain the how each material is made 

9.5.2 Block and Brick Characteristics

• Explain the basic properties of brick and block (weight, size, strength, hollow vs. solid)  
• Describe the differences in where block and brick are used in masonry. 

• List and describe ingredients of mortar. 
• Identify and describe the different types of mortar (N, S, M, and O) and their common uses. 
• Describe how the workability of mortar affects the speed and ease of construction. 

• List common materials used to make pavers (such as concrete and clay). 
• Describe typical uses for different paver types (e.g., walkways, patios, driveways). 

9.6.1 Cutting Masonry Material

• Identify safe and proper techniques for cutting brick and block using a brick hammer and chisel. 
• Explain when and why materials need to be cut in masonry projects. 
• Safely operate a masonry saw to make straight and accurate cuts. 

9.6.2 Mixing Mortar

• Identify the ingredients of a shop mortar mix 
• Demonstrate how to properly mix mortar by hand and with a mechanical mixer 
• Describe proper cleaning and safety procedures when mixing mortar 

• Attach mason’s line correctly. 
• Apply mortar correctly to ensure full joints. 
• Lay brick and block to a mason’s line using proper technique. 

• List the basic steps for installing pavers, including base prep, bedding material, laying pattern, and compaction. 
• Explain how proper installation techniques prevent shifting and settling. 
• Install pavers in a basic pattern with consistent spacing and alignment. 

9.7.1 Professionalism and Employability

• Identify work-ready skills that reflect professionalism on a jobsite or in a workshop. 
• Describe how attributes of the CTECS Vision of a Graduate relate to the construction industry.   
• Demonstrate respectful behavior, effective communication, social skills, and work readiness while working in team and individual settings. 
• Apply critical thinking and problem-solving skills to complete tasks and resolve challenges in a professional setting. 

9.7.2 Technical Skills

• Apply core construction skills including:  
  • Installation accuracy  
  • Workstation setup 
  • Tool selection and use 
  • Material selection and prep   
  • Measuring and layout
• Demonstrate safe and appropriate practices related to:  
  • Various shop equipment 
  • Ladders and scaffold 
  • Hand and power tools 
  • Personal Safety 
• Evaluate quality of work based on project specifications and industry standards.  
• Follow organized processes to complete tasks efficiently and accurately.    

• Identify key components of a professional portfolio (e.g., photos, checklists, reflections, resume artifacts).  
• Upload documentation and evidence of proficiency for each project completed.  
• Update personal competency checklist to reflect current skill levels and progress.  
• Reflect on personal growth in both technical and employability skills. 

• PPE
• Shop Rules
  • Horseplay
  • Dress code
• Housekeeping
  • Material Handling and Storage
• SDS
• Emergency Shut-off
• Electrical Safety
  • GFCI

• Identify Personal Protective Equipment
• Demonstrate appropriate PPE use
• Explain the importance of SDS in the shop
• Follow shop safety rules
• Maintain a clean work area/shop
• Locate Emergency shut-offs in shop
• Explain the importance of a GFCI
• 100% on written safety test

• Classes of fires
• Fire Triangle
• Extinguisher Use
• Fire Blankets
• Fire Alarms / Evacuations

• Identify classes of fires
• Locate fire extinguishers and blankets in shop
• Identify types of extinguishers
• Explain the process of extinguishing certain fires
• 100% on written safety test

• Injury Protocols
• AED/First Aid locations
• Eye Wash Station
• Bloodborne Pathogens

• Describe procedures for dealing with various injuries
• Explain the dangers bloodborne pathogens
• Appropriate contact person
• 100% on written safety test
   

• List and explain the intended use of each hand tool.  
• Select proper tools for various applications. 

10.2.1 Ladder Safety and Use 

• Step ladders 
• Extension ladders 
• Fixed/Straight ladders 
• Platform ladders 
• Multi-Position ladders 
• Other 

• Identify common types of ladders. 
• Inspect equipment for damage or defects. 
• Set-up ladders in the school setting and on the job site safely. 
• Appropriately utilize safe practices while using equipment. 
• 100% on written and performance safety tests. 

10.2.2 Scaffold Safety and Use 

• Mobile (baker) scaffolding 
• Tubular frame scaffolding 
  • Masonry scaffolding 
• System scaffolding 
• Suspended (swing) scaffolding  
• Mobile Elevated Work Platforms (MEWP) 
  • Scissor lift 
  • Boom (snorkel) lift 
• Other 

• Identify common types of scaffolds and their uses. 
• Inspect equipment for damage or defects. 
• Set-up scaffolding in the school setting and on the job site safely. 
• Appropriately utilize safe practices while using equipment. 
• 100% on written and performance safety tests. 

10.2.3 Fall Protection Systems 

• Personal fall arrest system 
  • Connector 
  • 5-point harness 
  • Anchor point 
• Retractable lifelines 
• Guard rails 
• Safety rope/lines  
• Safety nets 

• Identify components of each fall protection system. 
• Describe the process of setting up fall protection systems. 
• Setup and use a personal fall arrest system. 

10.3.1 Power Tool Identification 

• Circular Saw 
• Reciprocating saw 
• Drill/Impact Driver 
• Chop saw (abrasive wheel) 
• Portable grinder 
• Other 

• List and explain the intended use of each portable power tool.  
• Select proper blades and accessories for various applications. 

10.3.2 Power Tool Safety 

• Electrical safety 
• Maintenance and inspection. 
• Clamping and holding materials 
• Changing accessories: 
• Blades 
• Bits 
• Sandpaper 
• Other 

• Inspect tool to assess appropriate working conditions.  
• Demonstrate the safe operating techniques according to manufacturer’s instructions. 
• Safely change blades, bits, sandpaper, etc. 
• Demonstrate lock out/tag out procedures. 

• List appropriate PPE and security measures needed for safe operation. 
• Select proper load and fastener for the intended use. 
• Demonstrate the safe use of powder actuated tools according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. 
• Pass a safety course on the use of powder –actuated tools.

10.4.1 Measuring

• Identifying measurements with 1/16 accuracy  

• Convert inches to feet and feet to inches. 
• Find perimeter and area of squares and rectangles. 
• Apply these concepts to tasks such as measuring walls, floors, and foundations. 

10.5.1 Modular Grid Systems

• Explain the principles and benefits of modular grid layout. 
• Lay out a project using a modular ruler. 
• Identify the markings on a modular ruler. 

10.5.2. Using a Level 

• Demonstrate how to use a level to check for plumb and level surfaces. 
• Interpret level readings and adjust work accordingly. 

10.5.3 Brick Spacing Ruler

• Describe the function of a brick spacing ruler. 
• Lay out and construct a masonry project using various joint spacings with a brick spacing ruler. 

10.5.4 Verifying Layout Accuracy 

• Cross-check diagonal measurements to verify square layout (e.g., 3-4-5 method, Pythagorean Theorem). 
• Confirming level, plumb, and square before beginning unit placement. 
• Identify and correct layout errors before material installation. 

10.6.1 Brick Joints

• Identify common brick joint types (e.g., concave, V-joint, weathered, struck, flush). 
• Describe the function and appearance of each joint type. 
• Tool various joint finishes properly for a uniform and professional finish. 

10.6.2 Brick Positions

• Identify the six brick positions. 
• Explain the use of each brick position application 

10.6.3 Brick Bonds

• Identify common brick bonds (e.g., running bond, stack bond, Flemish bond, English bond). 
• Explain the purpose and characteristics of each bond type. 
• Lay out and construct sample walls demonstrating proper bonding patterns. 

• Explain the purpose of building leads in masonry construction. 
• Lay out and construct corner leads that are level, plumb, and to height. 
• Use string lines to carry height and alignment from lead to lead. 

10.7.1 Block Sizes

• Identify common concrete masonry unit (CMU) sizes. 
• Explain how different block sizes are used in various applications (e.g., foundation walls, partitions, veneers). 

10.7.2 Constructing Leads with Various Block Sizes

• Construct a plumb, level corner lead using various CMU sizes. 
• Calculate and make the required cut for each block size to maintain the running bond pattern. 

• Identify appropriate surfaces for tile installation 
• Describe steps needed to prepare surface for tile installation 

• Explain the qualities and uses of common types of tile 
  • Ceramic  
  • Porcelain 
  • Terrazzo 
  • Stone 
• Explain difference in floor and wall tiles 

• Identify types of adhesives used to fasten tile 
• Explain the process of applying adhesives 
• Explain the process of setting tile 

• Identify the common ingredients for grout 
• Identify different grout used for various tile 
• Explain admixtures and their uses 
• Install grout properly  

• Identify different types of interlocking concrete pavers. 
• Explain the applications and benefits of ICP. 

• Explain the purpose of excavation, geotextile fabric, sub-base, base, and bedding layer 
• Identify proper base materials and compaction techniques 
• Describe drainage considerations including slope and edge restraints 

• Use a transit laser to set consistent grade and elevation 
• Use a saw to make accurate, clean paver cuts 
• Demonstrate common laying patterns (e.g., running bond, herringbone) 
• Follow industry standards to perform a complete paver installation, including proper spacing, alignment, edge restraint, and compaction 

• Identify work-ready skills that reflect professionalism on a jobsite or in a workshop. 

• Apply critical thinking and problem-solving skills to complete tasks and resolve challenges in a professional setting. 

• Demonstrate respectful behavior, effective communication, social skills, and work readiness while working in team and individual settings. 

• Describe how attributes of the CTECS Vision of a Graduate relate to the construction industry.   

• Apply core construction skills including:  
  • Measuring and layout   
  • Material selection and prep   
  • Tool selection and use 
  • Workstation setup 
  • Installation accuracy  
• Demonstrate safe and appropriate practices related to:  
  • Personal Safety 
  • Hand and power tools 
  • Ladders and scaffold 
  • Various shop equipment 
• Evaluate quality of work based on project specifications and industry standards.  
• Follow organized processes to complete tasks efficiently and accurately. 

• Identify key components of a professional portfolio (e.g., photos, checklists, reflections, resume artifacts).  
• Reflect on personal growth in both technical and employability skills. 
• Update personal competency checklist to reflect current skill levels and progress.  
• Upload documentation and evidence of proficiency for each project completed.  

11.1.1  Review of Safe Work Habits: 

• PPE selection and inspection 
• SDS and emergency response 
• Fire safety and first aid 
• Hand Tool Safety  
• Material handling and ergonomics 

• Identify common job site hazards. 
• Select appropriate PPE for various site conditions. 
• Demonstrate the correct use of common forms of PPE. 
• Identify common hand tools and their uses. 
• Demonstrate safe handling and proper maintenance of hand tools. 
• Discuss how safe work habits prevent accidents and ensure personal safety (PPE, fire safety, electrical, SDS, Emergency Response). 
• Score 100% on the written Safety Test and hands-on assessment as new tools and equipment are introduced. 

11.1.2 Power Tool Safety 

• Circular Saw 
• Reciprocating saw 
• Drill/Impact Driver 
• Chop saw 
• Portable grinder 
• Other 

• Identify power tools used in masonry construction and the safety measures associated with each tool. 

• Demonstrate safe operation of power tools in controlled environments. 

• Inspect tools before use to ensure they are in safe working condition (e.g., checking for frayed cords, damaged parts). 

• Explain the purpose of GFCI (Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter) protection. 

• Demonstrate the correct use of GFCI outlets on the jobsite. 

• Identify hand tools used in masonry construction and the safety measures associated with each tool. 
• Inspect tools before use to ensure they are in safe working condition. 
• Select proper tools for various applications. 

11.1.4 Ladder, Scaffold and Fall Protection 

• Step ladders 
• Extension ladders 
• Pipe staging 
• Roof Brackets 
• Other 

• Identify different types of ladders and scaffolds, and their safe usage. 
• Explain the inspection procedures for ladders and scaffolds. 
• Set up scaffolding and ladders following industry standards. 
• Demonstrate proper use of fall protection systems (e.g., harnesses, guardrails) when working at height. 
• Explain the role of fall protection in preventing injuries and fatalities on the jobsite. 

11.1.5 Basic First Aid Awareness 

• Identify appropriate practices for administering basic first aid in a construction environment. 

• Explain the procedures for dealing with various injuries, including cuts, burns, and sprains. 

• Demonstrate the proper response to a bleeding injury, including the use of bandages or tourniquets. 

• Identify the dangers of bloodborne pathogens and describe protective measures to avoid contamination. 

11.2.1 Measuring

• Identifying measurements with 1/16 accuracy. 
• Use formulas to calculate volume in cubic feet and convert to cubic yards. 

11.2.2 Masonry Math

• Perform basic material estimates (e.g., number of blocks or bricks for a given area). 
• Estimate cubic yards of material for simple projects. 
• Convert fractions to decimals and decimals to fractions. 

11.3.1 Stair Calculation

• Define key stair terms: rise, run, tread, riser, stringer, total rise, total run. 

• Measure and calculate total rise and total run of a stair layout. 

• Use the rule of 25 (riser height x2 + tread depth = 25) to determine step dimensions. 

• Determine the number of risers and treads needed based on total rise and run. 

• Create a layout drawing or sketch of a stair design based on field conditions. 

11.3.2 Forming Concrete Steps

• Identify materials and tools used for concrete stair formwork (form boards, stakes, string line, level, etc.). 

• Assemble stair forms to match the calculated rise/run using stakes and bracing. 

• Check forms for correct alignment: level, plumb, square, and consistent step height. 

• Safely prepare forms for pouring concrete (including reinforcement if needed). 

• Identify base and footing requirements for brick step construction. 

• Lay out and construct brick risers and treads to match stair calculations. 

• Use consistent mortar joints to maintain proper rise, run, and aesthetics. 

• Keep courses level and plumb, and maintain alignment through string lines or levels. 

• Tool and clean joints for a finished, professional appearance. 

11.3.4 Stair Building Codes and Standards

• Identify common building code requirements related to stairs (e.g., max riser height, min tread depth, consistent rise/run, railing regulations). 

• Explain why stair codes are important for safety and compliance. 

• Evaluate a stair design or finished stair for code compliance. 

• Reference local or national building codes during the planning and building process. 

11.4.1 Concrete Properties and Mixing

• Identify the primary ingredients of concrete (cement, water, aggregate) and their roles. 
• Explain how water-cement ratio affects strength and workability. 
• Define common admixtures (e.g., plasticizers, accelerators, retarders) and their uses. 
• Describe different concrete strengths and their applications. 
• Demonstrate how to properly mix concrete by hand and with a mixer, following correct proportions. 

• 11.4.2 Concrete Forming

• Identify tools and materials used for forming concrete (form boards, stakes, ties, etc.). 
• Build simple concrete forms that are level, square, and properly braced. 
• Apply form release agents and check alignment before pouring. 
• Explain how forming impacts the finish and dimensions of a concrete structure. 

• Identify types of reinforcement used in masonry (rebar, wire mesh, fiber additives). 
• Explain the purpose of reinforcement in concrete construction. 
• Place reinforcement properly within forms, ensuring correct coverage and spacing. 
• Tie rebar securely using wire ties. 

• Identify common concrete tools (e.g., bull float, edger, magnesium float, trowel, groover). 
• Describe the purpose of each tool and when it’s used during the finishing process. 
• Clean and maintain concrete tools for safe and effective use. 

• Outline the step-by-step process for placing concrete, from preparation to finishing. 

• Demonstrate safe practices during concrete placement. 
  Properly strike off concrete using screeds and levels. 

• Recognize and prevent issues such as segregation, cold joints, or overworking. 

• Identify different concrete finishes (e.g., broom, trowel, exposed aggregate, stamped). 

• Demonstrate how to apply a broom finish for slip resistance. 

• Compare the appearance, purpose, and process of various finishes. 

• Select an appropriate finish based on function, location, and customer preference. 

11.5.1 Cavity Wall Design and Function

• Define a cavity wall and explain how it differs from other masonry wall types. 
• Identify the advantages of cavity wall construction (e.g., insulation, moisture drainage). 
• Label and describe the layers/components of a typical cavity wall. 
• Interpret cavity wall diagrams and apply to layout or mockup construction. 

11.5.2 Moisture Control Components

• Describe the function of flashing and weep holes in preventing water damage. 
• Explain how mortar net works to keep weep holes functional. 
• Demonstrate correct placement and installation of flashing and weep systems. 
• Identify consequences of poor or missing moisture control systems. 

11.5.3 Thermal and Structural Components

• Identify types of insulation used in cavity walls and their R-values. 
• Explain the role of wall ties in anchoring wythes and maintaining stability. 
• Describe reinforcement options used within masonry wall systems and their function. 
• Identify common lintel types (e.g., steel, precast) and explain their purpose in spanning openings. 
• Demonstrate proper installation of wall ties, reinforcement, insulation, and lintels within a cavity wall system. 

11.6.1 Construction Drawings

• Identify common lines and symbols used in blueprint reading 
• Select appropriate lines and symbols for their specific use 

11.6.2 Blueprint Views

• List common views found in a set of construction prints 
• Describe information provided by each blueprint view 
• Locate specific information needed for construction using a set of construction drawings 

11.6.3 Scaling

• Interpret measurements on scaled drawings using an architect's scale 
• Convert between actual and scaled measurements 
• Draw a scaled drawing using an architect’s scale 

11.7.1 Soil Types and Properties

• Identify common soil types (e.g., sand, clay, loam). 

• Explain how soil characteristics (compaction, bearing capacity, permeability) affect construction. 

11.7.2 Site Preparation and Compaction

• Demonstrate techniques for excavating, grading, and compacting soil to industry standards. 

• Identify different types of drainage systems (e.g., French drains, perimeter drains, subsurface drains). 

• Explain the principles of proper site drainage and water management around masonry structures. 

• Describe methods for controlling erosion on construction sites. 

11.8.1 SRW Components and Functions

• Identify common types of SRW blocks and their applications 

• Describe the function of capstones, drainage aggregate, and geogrid 

• Explain how each component contributes to wall stability and erosion control 

• Perform proper excavation and leveling pad preparation 

• Install and compact base material to specification 

• Establish grade and layout using string line or laser level 

11.8.3 SRW Installation and Reinforcement Techniques

• Lay SRW blocks in level, staggered courses with correct batter 

• Backfill in lifts using drainage stone and filter fabric 

• Install geogrid at correct elevations and depths based on design requirements 

11.9.1 Professionalism and Employability

• Identify work-ready skills that reflect professionalism on a jobsite or in a workshop. 

• Describe how attributes of the CTECS Vision of a Graduate relate to the construction industry.   

• Demonstrate respectful behavior, effective communication, social skills, and work readiness while working in team and individual settings. 

• Apply critical thinking and problem-solving skills to complete tasks and resolve challenges in a professional setting. 

11.9.2 Technical Skills

• Apply core construction skills including:  
  • Measuring and layout   
  • Material selection and prep   
  • Tool selection and use 
  • Workstation setup 
  • Installation accuracy  
• Demonstrate safe and appropriate practices related to:  
  • Personal Safety 
  • Hand and power tools 
  • Ladders and scaffold 
  • Various shop equipment 
• Evaluate quality of work based on project specifications and industry standards.  
• Follow organized processes to complete tasks efficiently and accurately. 

• Identify key components of a professional portfolio (e.g., photos, checklists, reflections, resume artifacts).  
• Upload documentation and evidence of proficiency for each project completed.  
• Update personal competency checklist to reflect current skill levels and progress.  
• Reflect on personal growth in both technical and employability skills. 

12.1.1 Review of Safe Work Habits: 

• PPE selection and inspection 

• SDS and emergency response 

• Fire safety and first aid 

• Hand Tool Safety  

• Material handling and ergonomics 

• Identify common job site hazards. 

• Select appropriate PPE for various site conditions. 

• Demonstrate the correct use of common forms of PPE. 

• Identify common hand tools and their uses. 

• Demonstrate safe handling and proper maintenance of hand tools. 

• Discuss how safe work habits prevent accidents and ensure personal safety (PPE, fire safety, electrical, SDS, Emergency Response). 

• Score 100% on the written Safety Test and hands-on assessment as new tools and equipment are introduced. 

12.1.2  Power Tool Safety 

• Circular Saw 

• Reciprocating saw 

• Drill/Impact Driver 

• Chop saw (abrasive wheel) 

• Portable grinder 

• Other 

• Identify power tools used in civil construction and the safety measures associated with each tool. 

• Demonstrate safe operation of power tools in controlled environments. 

• Inspect tools before use to ensure they are in safe working condition (e.g., checking for frayed cords, damaged parts). 

• Explain the purpose of GFCI (Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter) protection. 

• Demonstrate the correct use of GFCI outlets on the jobsite. 

• Identify different types of ladders and scaffolds, and their safe usage. 

• Explain the inspection procedures for  ladders and scaffolds. 

• Set up scaffolding and ladders following industry standards. 

• Demonstrate proper use of fall protection systems (e.g., harnesses, guardrails) when working at height. 

• Explain the role of fall protection in preventing injuries and fatalities on the jobsite. 

12.1.4 Basic First Aid Awareness 

• Identify appropriate practices for administering basic first aid in a construction environment. 

• Explain the procedures for dealing with various injuries, including cuts, burns, and sprains. 

• Demonstrate the proper response to a bleeding injury, including the use of bandages or tourniquets. 

• Identify the dangers of bloodborne pathogens and describe protective measures to avoid contamination. 

12.1.5 Trenching and Excavation Safety 

• Identify hazards related to trenching and excavation. 

• Identify 4 types of soil and their implications on trench stability. 

• Describe the procedures for safe trenching, including protective systems (e.g., trench boxes, shoring, benching). 

• Follow OSHA guidelines for trenching safety, including hazard recognition and emergency response. 

12.1.6 Working Around Heavy Machinery and Equipment 

• Identify common machines used in construction (e.g., bulldozers, excavators, cranes) and associated hazards. 
• Explain the role of flaggers, signal persons, and safety spotters in a construction zone. 
• Identify appropriate PPE needed when working around machines, and their purpose.  
  • Reflective Vests 
  • Hard Hats 
  • Hearing Protection 
  • Boots 
• Describe safety protocols for safely working around and interacting with machinery and equipment.  

12.2.1 – Advanced Estimation for Masonry Projects

• Identify key components required for a masonry estimate, including block, brick, mortar, and reinforcement. 
• Demonstrate how to calculate material needs based on blueprints, measurements, and layout. 
• Convert between feet, inches, decimals, and fractions to ensure precise estimates. 
• Describe how to estimate volume, area, and unit counts for complex masonry structures. 
• Explain how to prepare a basic cost estimate using material quantities and unit pricing. 
• Demonstrate how to adjust estimates based on waste factors and project complexity. 

12.3.1 – Joint Removal and Repointing Techniques 

• Identify signs of mortar joint failure and explain when repointing is needed. 

• Demonstrate safe and effective techniques for removing deteriorated mortar using a grinder or hand tools. 

• Describe the characteristics of appropriate replacement mortar (e.g., strength, color, type). 

• Demonstrate how to repoint joints with consistent depth, width, and finish using proper tools. 

• Explain how improper repointing can harm masonry walls. 

12.3.2 – Masonry Cleaning Procedures 

• Identify common causes of masonry staining or buildup (e.g., efflorescence, biological growth, pollution). 

• Describe and compare cleaning methods such as pressure washing, chemical cleaning, and hand scrubbing. 

• Demonstrate safe and effective cleaning techniques that avoid damaging masonry surfaces. 

• Explain safety precautions when using masonry cleaners, including PPE and environmental considerations. 

12.3.3 Masonry Repair and Patching

• Identify common forms of damage in masonry units (e.g., cracking, spalling, loose units). 

• Explain appropriate repair techniques based on type and location of damage. 

• Demonstrate how to remove and replace individual damaged bricks or blocks. 

• Describe the importance of matching size, color, and texture in visible repairs. 

12.4.1 Stone Patterns and Layout

• Identify common stone masonry patterns: ashlar, random (mosaic), square and rectangular. 
• Describe how pattern selection affects visual design and wall bonding. 
• Demonstrate proper layout techniques when starting and maintaining pattern consistency. 

12.4.2 Thin Stone and Manufactured Veneer Installation

• Identify the characteristics and applications of thin stone and manufactured stone veneer. 
• Describe the differences in installation between full-bed stone and thin veneer systems. 
• Demonstrate how to prepare a substrate and apply stone veneer using proper adhesives and joint finishes. 
• Explain the importance of drainage planes and weep systems in veneer installation. 

• Describe the purpose and structure of a dry laid stone wall. 
• Identify materials used for base, drainage, and stone selection. 
• Demonstrate how to stack stone for stability without mortar using proper bonding techniques. 
• Explain how to incorporate batter and tie stones to reinforce wall strength. 

• Identify types of stone chisels and hammers and describe their use in shaping stone. 
• Demonstrate basic stone shaping techniques using chisels, hammers, and saws. 
• Describe different stone finishes including sawn, polished, natural cleft, chiseled, and flamed. 
• Explain how fabrication and finish selection affect both aesthetics and usability. 

12.5.1 Arch Components and Geometry

• Identify key components of an arch: voussoir, keystone, springer, intrados, extrados, span, and rise. 
• Describe the function of each component in a masonry arch. 
• Explain how load forces are transferred through an arch structure. 
• Demonstrate how to lay out the geometry of an arch using center points and radius. 

12.5.2   Arch Form Construction

• Identify materials used to build arch forms. 
• Describe the steps for constructing a temporary form to support masonry during arch building. 
• Demonstrate how to build a wood form to accurate dimensions based on arch layout. 
• Explain how to secure and brace the form to ensure stability during construction. 

• Demonstrate how to set masonry units in an arch using a consistent bond and spacing. 
• Explain how to build evenly from both sides of the arch to ensure balance and proper fit at the keystone. 
• Demonstrate how to properly support and finish the arch before and after form removal. 

12.6.1 Chimney Codes and Clearance

• Identify key code requirements for chimney construction including minimum footing size, height, and clearance to combustibles. 

• Describe the function and required placement of a cleanout, thimble, and flue liner. 

• Explain the purpose of required setbacks and termination height above the roofline. 

• Reference applicable codes or standards when reviewing chimney designs or installations. 

12.6.2 Chimney Flashing Installation 

• Identify different types of chimney flashing (base, step, counter). 
• Explain how flashing works to direct water away from the chimney-roof intersection. 
• Demonstrate how to install chimney flashing using appropriate techniques. 
• Describe how improper flashing can lead to water infiltration and masonry damage. 

• Demonstrate how to lay out and construct a chimney using proper bond and alignment. 
• Describe how to install flue liners with appropriate spacing and mortar joints. 
• Demonstrate how to integrate cleanouts and thimbles into chimney construction. 

12.7.1 Fireplace Components and Codes

• Identify major parts of a fireplace, including firebox, throat, smoke shelf, smoke chamber, flue, and damper. 

• Describe the function of each component in promoting proper airflow and containment. 

• Reference common building codes related to firebox dimensions, hearth extension, clearances, and firebrick use. 

• Explain how incorrect dimensions or materials can create fire or draft hazards. 

12.7.2 Fireplace Construction Techniques

• Demonstrate how to lay out and build a fireplace using proper bond and fire-rated materials. 

• Describe how to construct the firebox with firebrick and appropriate mortar. 

• Explain how to shape the smoke chamber and throat to guide gases into the flue. 

• Demonstrate proper integration of the damper and flue liner into the fireplace structure. 

12.8.1 Outdoor Fireplace Construction

• Identify key components of an outdoor fireplace. 

• Demonstrate how to lay out and build an outdoor fireplace using correct construction techniques. 

• Explain how to accommodate ventilation, expansion, and water drainage in outdoor fireplace construction. 

12.8.2 Custom Hardscape Masonry Feature

• Identify common custom features in advanced hardscape projects (e.g., seating walls, fire pits, outdoor kitchens, pizza ovens). 

• Describe design considerations including height, scale, use, and materials. 

• Demonstrate how to lay out and construct custom hardscape features to match site plans and client specifications. 

12.9.1 Professionalism and Employability

• Identify work-ready skills that reflect professionalism on a jobsite or in a workshop. 

• Describe how attributes of the CTECS Vision of a Graduate relate to the construction industry.   

• Demonstrate respectful behavior, effective communication, social skills, and work readiness while working in team and individual settings. 

• Apply critical thinking and problem-solving skills to complete tasks and resolve challenges in a professional setting. 

12.9.2 Technical Skills

• Apply core construction skills including:  
  • Measuring and layout   
  • Material selection and prep   
  • Tool selection and use 
  • Workstation setup 
  • Installation accuracy  
• Demonstrate safe and appropriate practices related to:  
  • Personal Safety 
  • Hand and power tools 
  • Ladders and scaffold 
  • Various shop equipment 
• Evaluate quality of work based on project specifications and industry standards.  
• Follow organized processes to complete tasks efficiently and accurately. 

12.9.3 Portfolio and Reflection

• Identify key components of a professional portfolio (e.g., photos, checklists, reflections, resume artifacts).  

• Upload documentation and evidence of proficiency for each project completed.  

• Update personal competency checklist to reflect current skill levels and progress.  

• Reflect on personal growth in both technical and employability skills.